• Similar to GPR A activation of G protein coupled

  2022-07-27

  

  Similar to GPR109A, activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81, also called HCAR1 (hydroxycarboxylic RNase Inhibitor receptor 1)) by lactate suppresses lipolysis (Fig. 1), suggesting GPR81 to be a potential drug target for treating T2DM (Boyd et al., 1974, Cai et al., 2008, Gold et al., 196

• This evidence suggests that the

  2022-07-27

  

  This evidence suggests that the human cochlea is equipped with antigen presenting macrophages as well as T lymphocytes that execute cytotoxic and immune mediation function. In an animal study, following acoustic overstimulation, Yang et al. (2015) found infiltration of macrophages into the region o

• Following activation it is necessary for

  2022-07-27

  

  Following activation, it is necessary for a subset of activated effector T cells to survive as long-lived memory T cells. Metabolically, this transition is dependent upon the ability of the cell to downregulate aerobic glycolysis and transition back to a more oxidative phenotype. In fact, enhancemen

• Erastin br Signaling pathways activated by pulsatile

  2022-07-27

  

  Signaling pathways activated by pulsatile GnRH In the pituitary, GnRH acts by binding to the G protein-coupled GnRHR on the cell surface of the gonadotrope, inducing interaction of the receptor with heterotrimeric G proteins and catalyzing GTP-GDP exchange on the G protein α subunit (Lambert, 200

• br RNA preparation cDNA synthesis and RT PCR Trizol

  2022-07-27

  

  RNA preparation, cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to extract total RNA from tissues according to the manufacturer’s protocol and isolated RNA quantity was determined by UV spectrophotometry (Nanodrop, Thermo Scientific, USA) and RNA integrity was v

• The life cycle of T

  2022-07-27

  

  The life cycle of T. cruzi requires both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. In the insect (invertebrate) vector, the protozoan undergoes extracellular replication, whereas in the mammalian (vertebrate) host it replicates by obligate intracellular multiplication (Rodrigues et al., 2014). Hence, the p

• The dramatic increase in the development of EAAT inhibitors

  2022-07-27

  

  The dramatic increase in the development of EAAT inhibitors and substrates over the last several years can likely be attributed to a number of experimental advances. Firstly, the isolation of the individual EAAT clones allowed each subtype to be selectively examined in well-characterized expression

• GPR can signal through not only IP but also

  2022-07-27

  

  GPR40 can signal through not only IP3 but also cAMP depending upon the type of agonist ligand used. A full agonist engages both signaling mechanisms in contrast to the endogenous long-chain fatty lactacystin (LCFA) ligands and partial agonists. Thus, stimulation of GPR40 by endogenous LCFAs or by th

• Although encoded by a single

  2022-07-27

  

  Although encoded by a single gene, GR displays considerable heterogeneity through the combined effects of alternative mRNA splicing, alternative translation initiation, and complex post-translational modification. Differential expression of the various GR isoforms may contribute to tissue-specific f

• GLP and glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide GIP are

  2022-07-27

  

  GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are gut hormones secreted from intestinal L cholecystokinin receptor and K cells, respectively. Together, these hormones account for the vast majority of the incretin effect, the enhanced postprandial insulin secretion observed in healthy adu

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2022-07-27

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the University of Tehran, Iran. The authors thank all the teams who worked on the experiments and who provided technical assistance in the laboratory during this study. We also thank the anony

• It is widely acknowledged that a significant gap

  2022-07-27

  

  It is widely acknowledged that a significant gap exists between the increasingly detailed knowledge of subcellular mechanisms and the ability to control large-scale anatomy. Radical advances in regenerative medicine require approaches aimed at taming the fundamental complexity of cellular regulation

• So far several methods have been used to monitor the

  2022-07-27

  

  So far, several methods have been used to monitor the level of GJC and its regulation in astrocytes studied in acute AZD8931 slices (see Giaume et al., 2012). This mainly includes approaches based either on electrophysiological properties of gap junction channels or on “dye coupling” experiments th

• br Results br Discussion secretase mediated proteolysis

  2022-07-27

  

  Results Discussion γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of integral membrane proteins is required for diverse biological processes (Lal and Caplan, 2011). One γ-secretase target of particular interest is Notch, as recent work has shown Notch activity to be increased in obesity and associated metab

• The galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae is a monomeric

  2022-07-27

  

  The β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae is a monomeric enzyme of 113 kDa [58] that has been widely used in GOS synthesis [49,53,[59], [60], [61]], exhibiting a high activity of lactose transgalactosylation [62]. Different immobilization methods have been used for the synthesis of lactose-derived

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